A jet injector is a type of medical injecting syringe that uses a high-pressure narrow jet of the injection liquid instead of a hypodermic needle to penetrate the epidermis. It is powered by compressed air or gas, either by a pressure hose from a large cylinder, or from a built-in gas cartridge, small cylinder, or spring (as in the MadaJet, Medijector Vision, Vitajet, Injex 23 and 30, or Insujet).
Jet injectors are used for mass vaccination, and as an alternative to needle syringes for diabetics to inject insulin. As well as health uses, similar devices are used in other industries to inject grease or other fluid.
The term "hypospray" is largely restricted to science-fiction, but there are cases in scientific periodicals of a real jet injector being called a hypospray.
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Types
A jet injector, also known as a jet gun injector, air gun, or pneumatic injector, is a medical instrument that uses a high-pressure jet of liquid medicament to penetrate the skin and deliver and deposit medicament under the skin, without a needle. Jet injectors can be single-dose or multi-dose jet injectors.
Throughout the years jet injectors have been redesigned to overcome the risk of carrying contamination to subsequent subjects.
To try to stop the risk, researchers placed a single-use protective cap over the reusable nozzle. The protective cap was intended to act as a shield between the reusable nozzle and the patient's skin. After each injection the cap would be discarded and replaced with a sterile one. These devices were known as protector cap needle-free injectors or PCNFI.
However, a safety-test by Kelly and colleagues (2008) found a PCNFI device failed to prevent contamination. After administering injections to Hepatitis B patients, researchers found Hepatitis B had penetrated the protective cap and contaminated the internal components of the jet injector, showing that the internal fluid pathway and patient contacting parts cannot safely be reused.
Researchers developed a new concept to jet injection by making the drug reservoir, plunger and nozzle as a single-use disposable cartridge. The cartridge is placed onto the tip of the jet injector and when activated a rod pushes the plunger forward. These devices are known as disposable-cartridge jet injectors or DCJI.
The International Standards Organization recommended abandoning the use of the name "jet injector" which is associated with carrying a risk of cross-contamination and rather refer to newer devices as "needle-free injectors."
Modern Needle-Free Injector Brands
The Biojector 2000 is a make of gas-cartridge-powered jet injector. It is claimed by its manufacturer that it can deliver intramuscular injections and subcutaneous injections up to 1 milliliter. The part which touches the patient's skin is single-use and can be replaced easily. It can be powered from a big compressed gas cylinder instead of gas cartridges. It is made by Bioject.
The Vision (MJ7) is a compact, spring-powered jet injector. It can deliver up to 1.6ml in 0.03ml increments, and is designed to last 3000 injections. The medication travels through a hole in the needle-free syringe that is about half the diameter of a 30 gauge syringe. The part which touches the patient's skin can be used for a week. The device was designed by Antares Pharma (formerly Medi-Jector).
The PharmaJet Needle-Free Injector delivers vaccines either intramuscularly or subcutaneously by means of a narrow, precise fluid stream syringe that delivers the medicine or vaccine through the skin in one-tenth of a second.
Diabetics have been using jet injectors in the United States for at least 20 years. These devices have all been spring loaded. At their peak, jet injectors accounted for only 7% of the injector market. Currently, the only model available in the United States is the Injex 23. In the United Kingdom, the Insujet has recently entered the market. As of June 2015, the Insujet is available in the UK and a few select countries.
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History
- 19th century: Workmen in France had accidental jet injections with high-powered grease guns
- 1920s: Diesel engines begin to be made in large quantities: thus the start of serious risk of accidental jet-injection by their fuel injectors in workshop accidents.
- 1937: First known recorded accidental jet injection by a diesel engine's fuel injector.
- 1960: Aaron Ismach invented and patented the Jet Injector medical device which was used for quick mass vaccination for smallpox and other diseases. Ismach was assisted by Dr. Abram Benenson in developing the Jet Injector Gun. The new method met with tremendous success as teams vaccinated large numbers of people at collecting points in the affected countries. The foot operated gun was called the Ped-O-Jet and the electric operated gun was called the Jet Injector Gun.
- 1962: Robert Andrew Hingson claimed to have invented a prototype jet injector and called it the peace gun, for quick mass vaccination. But sometimes the injection process dislodged infected matter from a patient onto the nozzle of the injector, risking cross-infection.
- 1964: Aaron Ismach was presented with a Gold Medal from the US government for his efforts related to the Jet Injector Gun. The Jet Injector also appeared on postage stamps as a commemorative of his efforts.
- September 1966: The Star Trek series started, exposing the public to the idea of jet injectors under the name "hypospray".
- 1976: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) published a book called War on Hunger which detailed the War Against Smallpox which Ismach's Jet Injector gun was used to eradicate the disease in Africa and Asia. The US government spent $150 million a year to prevent its recurrence in North America.
- 1997: The USA Department of Defense, the jet injector's biggest user, announced that it would stop using it for mass vaccinations due to concerns about infection.
- February 13, 2013: The PharmaJet Stratis Needle-Free Injector received WHO PQS Certification.
- August 14, 2014: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved use the PharmaJet Stratis 0.5ml Needle-free Jet Injector for delivery of one particular flu vaccine (AFLURIA® by bioCSL Inc.) in people 18 through 64 years of age.
Accidental jet injection
Accidents have happened in vehicle repair garages and elsewhere where one of the following has unintentionally acted as a hypodermic jet injector:
- A fuel injector of a diesel engine.
- A high-pressure grease gun.
- A pinhole leak in a tube supplying a high-powered grease gun from a separate grease pressure-tank.
- A pinhole leak in a tube of high pressure hydraulic oil equipment.
- A high pressure paint spray.
- A pressure washer.
Accidental injection of oil or paint by such high-pressure sprays can cause very serious injuries which may require amputation, and can induce fatal sepsis.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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